從小到大，我最大的願望就想要擁有一個自己的住所。我希望可以很自在地、不受干擾的在那裡看書、用電腦、聽音樂、種小植物，累的時候可以站起來隨意起舞，或是望著窗外發呆。
2012-08-28
2012-05-02
2012-04-24
【轉】請好好凝視你的愛人！
那是一頓歷時二個小時、
價值1000元的晚餐。
一對男女戀人步出餐廳，
男生的心思，卻不知飛到哪裡。
老實說，男生吃這頓飯，
吃得好辛苦。
因為他整整二個小時，
都用來想公司的那份企畫書，應該怎麼寫，
還有隔天上班，該如何應付難纏的上司。
價值1000元的晚餐。
一對男女戀人步出餐廳，
男生的心思，卻不知飛到哪裡。
老實說，男生吃這頓飯，
吃得好辛苦。
因為他整整二個小時，
都用來想公司的那份企畫書，應該怎麼寫，
還有隔天上班，該如何應付難纏的上司。
2012-04-19
2012-03-26
2011-07-06
2011-06-27
2011-04-08
轉貼〈先生，你是草食男嗎？〉
先生，你是草食男嗎？
期望男性告白，等男生開口求婚，這種「男主動、女被動」的傳統戀愛模式，早該丟棄。
新近出現的「草食男」已徹底顛覆兩性關係，儘管個性溫吞被動、對戀愛興趣缺缺，但貼心細膩的性格，卻是最佳人生伴侶。
面對這群新好男人，未婚女性該如何把握？
新近出現的「草食男」已徹底顛覆兩性關係，儘管個性溫吞被動、對戀愛興趣缺缺，但貼心細膩的性格，卻是最佳人生伴侶。
面對這群新好男人，未婚女性該如何把握？
2009-12-18
Japan: Rape simulator games and the normalization of sexual violence
出處：Say NO – UNiTE
“Women are stupid creatures who don’t know how to do anything other than cook us dinner. This just proves their stupidity; they need to realize that the word ‘equality’ was a word created by men for men, and was never meant to be used by, referred to, or given to women.” (Online game blogger responding to Equality Now’s Women’s Action against rape simulator games in Japan)
"By the way I played RapeLay (doing the 13 year old was best).” (Email to Equality Now)
“The only way to defeat women’s rights and make things to the advantage of Men again is to brutally, publically, murder women’s rights activists en masse. Don’t you want young females of child bearing age as your wives (females gain the ability to have children at age 12, 13, or 14 commonly)? Yes you do. Don’t you want her to obey you? Yes you do. Don’t you want her to be nice to you? Yes you do (whatever “nice” means… probably quiet suffices). The only way you have a shot at getting any of that is if all feminists and those who support them are dead or ineffectual (dead really helps here as well).” (U.S. online gamer railing against Equality Now’s Women’s Action)
In May 2009 Equality Now launched a Women’s Action on rape simulator games produced and sold in Japan. The Action highlighted the game RapeLay which was produced by Illusion Software and sold on Amazon Japan. RapeLay shows a schoolgirl around 12 years old travelling on a commuter train. A man who has been following her gropes and sexually molests her. Eventually the train stops and she runs frightened into a public toilet, followed by her assailant who handcuffs and rapes her. The assailant takes her prisoner and repeatedly rapes her in various locations. Her mother and teenaged sister suffer the same fate. This family is targeted for rape as punishment because the older sister had previously reported to the police the attempted sexual assault of another woman by the rapist. The aim of the RapeLay game is for the player repeatedly to rape the mother and her daughters until they begin to “enjoy” the experience.
Japan ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1985 and was last examined by the CEDAW Committee, which reviews government compliance with CEDAW, on 24 July 2009. The CEDAW Committee expressed concern at the “normalization of sexual violence in [Japan] as reflected by the prevalence of pornographic video games and cartoons featuring rape, gang rape, stalking and sexual molestation of women and girls.” The Committee also stated that it was concerned about the stereotypical depictions of women in the media and that, “the over-sexualized depiction of women strengthens the existing stereotypes of women as sex objects and continues to generate girls’ low self-esteem.” In its concluding observations the CEDAW Committee strongly urged the Japanese government to “ban the sale of video games or cartoons involving rape and sexual violence against women which normalize and promote sexual violence against women and girls.” The new Japanese government, elected in August 2009, has the opportunity and responsibility actively to address the concerns expressed by the CEDAW Committee by banning all media which promote violence against women and girls.
Since Equality Now issued its original Action, Japan’s Ethics Organization of Computer Software (EOCS), the industry’s self regulatory body whose job it is to rate computer software, has reportedly banned its members from producing games containing certain forms of violence against women. EOCS is a voluntary organization with a large but not universal membership. It is not yet clear what aspects of violence against women its rules will address and to what extent they will be applied. However, online gaming magazines suggest that due to the international attention, game makers in Japan are merely changing titles and pictures on game covers to make them appear innocuous and/or preventing anyone from outside Japan from accessing their websites, but are not addressing the actual content of these games. The Japanese government must take decisive steps to ban outright games that promote violence against women and girls and to address the objectification of women and promotion of violence against women in various media including in pornography.
Amazon Japan and Illusion Software have now withdrawn RapeLay from sale, however both continue to sell similar extreme pornography games in the form of cartoons known as hentai which include women and girls being raped, gang raped, stalked, molested, sexually assaulted and groped. In a furious backlash against moves to restrict the normalization of sexual violence against women and girls, Equality Now has been targeted through online blogs and emails with hundreds of abusive and sometimes threatening communications, including seemingly credible videos of real girls actually being gang raped. The videos were passed on to the Japanese police who initially refused to investigate, stating that, based on the officers’ analysis of the shape of the girls’ pubic hair, the girls were over eighteen, therefore the tapes were not considered child pornography. Only after Equality Now impressed upon the police that actual (and not enacted) gang rape videos are in fact sold on the open market in Japan, did they finally agree to re-examine the tapes, but it remains unclear what, if any, action has been taken including to trace the sender of the videos. The failure by the police even to contemplate that a serious crime might have taken place remains a deep concern.
The hostile responses provoked by Equality Now’s advocacy against extreme pornography, including the examples above, underscore the urgent need to address all instances of discrimination against women and girls, including the promotion of sexual violence. Article 5 (a) of CEDAW, which obligates States Parties to “modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women” is just one of many clear international standards adopted by the international community. In the same way that it would be unacceptable to promote violence against religious or ethnic groups, so it is unacceptable to promote violence and discrimination against women.
In addition to Japan’s obligations under CEDAW, Article 14 of the Japanese Constitution guarantees equality under the law and states that there shall be no “discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin.” Computer games such as RapeLay and real rape “pornography” videos condone and promote gender stereotypes and gender-based discriminatory attitudes. As the CEDAW Committee has noted, these, in turn, contribute to gender-based violence.
Recommended Actions
Please write to the Japanese government officials below, calling on them to comply with Japan’s obligations under CEDAW, including the recent strong exhortation of the CEDAW Committee to ban games and cartoons that normalize and promote sexual violence against women and girls. In your letter to the Minister of Justice ask her also to inquire about the requested investigation into the apparent gang rape video sent by Equality Now to the Tokyo police department, and ask that her office investigates this and other actual rape videos to ensure that all those involved are prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Please also continue to write to Illusion Software asking it to withdraw immediately from sale all games which involve rape, stalking or other forms of sexual violence or which otherwise denigrate women. Suggest that corporations have a responsibility to consider, as good business practice, any negative impact their activities may have on society and the public interest. Please write a similar letter to Amazon Japan.
Mr. Tadashi Yoshimura
Managing Director
Illusion Software
1-10-1 Nishikanagawa Kanagawa-ku
Yokohama-city, Kanagawa 221-0822, Japan
Tel: (+81) (0)4-5322-1551
Email: illuon@illuon.jp, info@illuon.jp
Sample letter to Illusion Software
Mr. Jasper Cheung
President of Amazon Japan K.K
2-15-1 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-000-2, Japan
Email: via website
Sample letter to Amazon Japan
Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama
2-3-1 Nagata-Cho, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 100-0014, Japan
Tel: (+81)(0)3-3581-0101
Fax: (+81)(0)3-3581-3883
Email: via website
Ms. Mizuho Fukushima
Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Declining Birthrate and Gender Equality
Room 708, 4-gokan,
Chuogodo Chosya, 3-1-1 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 100-8970, Japan
Tel: (+81)(0)3-5253-2111
E-mail: via website
Sample letter to government officials
Ms. Keiko Chiba
Minster of Justice
1-1-1 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8977, Japan
Tel: (+81)(0)3-3580-4111
Fax: (+81)(0)3-3592-7393
Email: webmaster@moj.go.jp
Sample letter to the Minister of Justice
Date: 12/04/2009
Time: 7:00 PM
Action Type: Awareness Raising
Sponsored By: Equality Now
PHOTOS
“Women are stupid creatures who don’t know how to do anything other than cook us dinner. This just proves their stupidity; they need to realize that the word ‘equality’ was a word created by men for men, and was never meant to be used by, referred to, or given to women.” (Online game blogger responding to Equality Now’s Women’s Action against rape simulator games in Japan)
"By the way I played RapeLay (doing the 13 year old was best).” (Email to Equality Now)
“The only way to defeat women’s rights and make things to the advantage of Men again is to brutally, publically, murder women’s rights activists en masse. Don’t you want young females of child bearing age as your wives (females gain the ability to have children at age 12, 13, or 14 commonly)? Yes you do. Don’t you want her to obey you? Yes you do. Don’t you want her to be nice to you? Yes you do (whatever “nice” means… probably quiet suffices). The only way you have a shot at getting any of that is if all feminists and those who support them are dead or ineffectual (dead really helps here as well).” (U.S. online gamer railing against Equality Now’s Women’s Action)
In May 2009 Equality Now launched a Women’s Action on rape simulator games produced and sold in Japan. The Action highlighted the game RapeLay which was produced by Illusion Software and sold on Amazon Japan. RapeLay shows a schoolgirl around 12 years old travelling on a commuter train. A man who has been following her gropes and sexually molests her. Eventually the train stops and she runs frightened into a public toilet, followed by her assailant who handcuffs and rapes her. The assailant takes her prisoner and repeatedly rapes her in various locations. Her mother and teenaged sister suffer the same fate. This family is targeted for rape as punishment because the older sister had previously reported to the police the attempted sexual assault of another woman by the rapist. The aim of the RapeLay game is for the player repeatedly to rape the mother and her daughters until they begin to “enjoy” the experience.
Japan ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1985 and was last examined by the CEDAW Committee, which reviews government compliance with CEDAW, on 24 July 2009. The CEDAW Committee expressed concern at the “normalization of sexual violence in [Japan] as reflected by the prevalence of pornographic video games and cartoons featuring rape, gang rape, stalking and sexual molestation of women and girls.” The Committee also stated that it was concerned about the stereotypical depictions of women in the media and that, “the over-sexualized depiction of women strengthens the existing stereotypes of women as sex objects and continues to generate girls’ low self-esteem.” In its concluding observations the CEDAW Committee strongly urged the Japanese government to “ban the sale of video games or cartoons involving rape and sexual violence against women which normalize and promote sexual violence against women and girls.” The new Japanese government, elected in August 2009, has the opportunity and responsibility actively to address the concerns expressed by the CEDAW Committee by banning all media which promote violence against women and girls.
Since Equality Now issued its original Action, Japan’s Ethics Organization of Computer Software (EOCS), the industry’s self regulatory body whose job it is to rate computer software, has reportedly banned its members from producing games containing certain forms of violence against women. EOCS is a voluntary organization with a large but not universal membership. It is not yet clear what aspects of violence against women its rules will address and to what extent they will be applied. However, online gaming magazines suggest that due to the international attention, game makers in Japan are merely changing titles and pictures on game covers to make them appear innocuous and/or preventing anyone from outside Japan from accessing their websites, but are not addressing the actual content of these games. The Japanese government must take decisive steps to ban outright games that promote violence against women and girls and to address the objectification of women and promotion of violence against women in various media including in pornography.
Amazon Japan and Illusion Software have now withdrawn RapeLay from sale, however both continue to sell similar extreme pornography games in the form of cartoons known as hentai which include women and girls being raped, gang raped, stalked, molested, sexually assaulted and groped. In a furious backlash against moves to restrict the normalization of sexual violence against women and girls, Equality Now has been targeted through online blogs and emails with hundreds of abusive and sometimes threatening communications, including seemingly credible videos of real girls actually being gang raped. The videos were passed on to the Japanese police who initially refused to investigate, stating that, based on the officers’ analysis of the shape of the girls’ pubic hair, the girls were over eighteen, therefore the tapes were not considered child pornography. Only after Equality Now impressed upon the police that actual (and not enacted) gang rape videos are in fact sold on the open market in Japan, did they finally agree to re-examine the tapes, but it remains unclear what, if any, action has been taken including to trace the sender of the videos. The failure by the police even to contemplate that a serious crime might have taken place remains a deep concern.
The hostile responses provoked by Equality Now’s advocacy against extreme pornography, including the examples above, underscore the urgent need to address all instances of discrimination against women and girls, including the promotion of sexual violence. Article 5 (a) of CEDAW, which obligates States Parties to “modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women” is just one of many clear international standards adopted by the international community. In the same way that it would be unacceptable to promote violence against religious or ethnic groups, so it is unacceptable to promote violence and discrimination against women.
In addition to Japan’s obligations under CEDAW, Article 14 of the Japanese Constitution guarantees equality under the law and states that there shall be no “discrimination in political, economic or social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin.” Computer games such as RapeLay and real rape “pornography” videos condone and promote gender stereotypes and gender-based discriminatory attitudes. As the CEDAW Committee has noted, these, in turn, contribute to gender-based violence.
Recommended Actions
Please write to the Japanese government officials below, calling on them to comply with Japan’s obligations under CEDAW, including the recent strong exhortation of the CEDAW Committee to ban games and cartoons that normalize and promote sexual violence against women and girls. In your letter to the Minister of Justice ask her also to inquire about the requested investigation into the apparent gang rape video sent by Equality Now to the Tokyo police department, and ask that her office investigates this and other actual rape videos to ensure that all those involved are prosecuted to the full extent of the law. Please also continue to write to Illusion Software asking it to withdraw immediately from sale all games which involve rape, stalking or other forms of sexual violence or which otherwise denigrate women. Suggest that corporations have a responsibility to consider, as good business practice, any negative impact their activities may have on society and the public interest. Please write a similar letter to Amazon Japan.
Mr. Tadashi Yoshimura
Managing Director
Illusion Software
1-10-1 Nishikanagawa Kanagawa-ku
Yokohama-city, Kanagawa 221-0822, Japan
Tel: (+81) (0)4-5322-1551
Email: illuon@illuon.jp, info@illuon.jp
Sample letter to Illusion Software
Mr. Jasper Cheung
President of Amazon Japan K.K
2-15-1 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-000-2, Japan
Email: via website
Sample letter to Amazon Japan
Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama
2-3-1 Nagata-Cho, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 100-0014, Japan
Tel: (+81)(0)3-3581-0101
Fax: (+81)(0)3-3581-3883
Email: via website
Ms. Mizuho Fukushima
Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Declining Birthrate and Gender Equality
Room 708, 4-gokan,
Chuogodo Chosya, 3-1-1 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 100-8970, Japan
Tel: (+81)(0)3-5253-2111
E-mail: via website
Sample letter to government officials
Ms. Keiko Chiba
Minster of Justice
1-1-1 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8977, Japan
Tel: (+81)(0)3-3580-4111
Fax: (+81)(0)3-3592-7393
Email: webmaster@moj.go.jp
Sample letter to the Minister of Justice
Date: 12/04/2009
Time: 7:00 PM
Action Type: Awareness Raising
Sponsored By: Equality Now
PHOTOS
2009-10-27
《鏡花緣》第五十一回
婦人道：「既如此，為何一心只想討妾？假如我要討個男妾，日日 把你冷淡，你可歡喜？你們作男子的：在貧賤時原也講些倫常之道；一經轉到富貴場中，就生出許多炎涼樣子，把本來面目都忘了，不獨疏親慢友，種種驕傲，並將 糟糠之情，也置度外，這真是強盜行為，已該碎屍萬段！你還只想置妾，那裏有個忠恕之道！我不打你別的，我只打你『只知有己，不知有人』。把你打的驕傲全 無，心裏冒出一個『忠恕』來，我才甘心！今日打過，嗣後我也不來管你。總而言之：你不付妾則已，若要討妾，必須替我先討男妾，我才依哩。我這男妾。古人叫 做『面首』，面哩，取其貌美；首哩，取其發美。」
本來想在圖書館借《鏡花緣》，後來發現維基文庫上有，就在這看了。
出處：鏡花緣-維基文庫，自由的圖書館
本來想在圖書館借《鏡花緣》，後來發現維基文庫上有，就在這看了。
出處：鏡花緣-維基文庫，自由的圖書館
2009-04-05
觀念平台－NCC瞎很大⊙卡維波
2009-04-04
中國時報
【卡維波】
「殺很大」廣告和所謂童顏巨乳的女模瑤瑤風潮，帶動了類似廣告與女模群起模仿，引起一些立委譴責，ＮＣＣ則揚言要開鍘，又不敢犯眾怒處罰瑤瑤廣告，只針對尚無粉絲支持的後起之「秀」，所持理由則是廣告有性暗示或者物化女性。
這些廣告的焦點聚焦於年輕女模的爆奶，然而童顏巨乳的圖像並非孤立事件，而是一整個日本動漫文化與宅男對美少女熱愛所形成「萌」次文化的重要成分，瑤瑤只是幸運的接收了這個次文化的積累而已。在立委與ＮＣＣ眼裡，年輕族群熱中的這些次文化都是應該被遏止的歪風，這正是「殺很大」事件底下的管制動力。但是如果用爆奶大作文章的廣告就是有問題，那麼豈不是間接汙名了台灣夏天越來越多的爆奶女性？這些女性也會覺得爆奶文化歧視女性嗎？還是說這是一場兩種女人族群的戰爭：「高級台灣女人」貶低充滿性感暗示女性的戰爭？
目前台灣經濟中存在著頗重要的「性感工業」，就是以外觀美貌與身體性感為販賣與消費焦點的產業。從事性感工作的大多數是女性，這也是女性就業的重要機會，不過性感工作者的貢獻經常被貶低，例如漂亮的女主播被說成「花瓶」，性感工作者則被認為是無需技能，這些都忽略了性感工作本身所需要的身體開發、裝扮技巧與態度養成其實並不是每個女人都能輕鬆勝任的。性感工作者遭到性騷擾和性歧視更是常見。ＮＣＣ對爆奶廣告的開鍘，也是對性感工作職業女性的歧視與貶低。
ＮＣＣ與立委指責廣告「物化女性」。物化不是法律名詞，卻在今日台灣變成一個「很偉大的概念」，可以用來指控任何表現女體或性相關影像。但是「物化（女性）」究竟是什麼？為什麼不好？有什麼不對？立委與ＮＣＣ清楚嗎？以我個人的研究來說，物化就是「將對方佔有為物」，這其實是性慾望所必要的，本身沒有任何不對，端視雙方的意願，例如強姦犯物化受害者是不對的，但是情人在性愛中將彼此物化就沒什麼不對。
更何況，女體廣告不可能直接物化女性，因為物化是閱聽人的主觀幻想行為，廣告（或者裸體藝術畫）只是提供物化幻想的可能，不一定能使得每個觀看廣告的人都產生物化女模的幻想行為，例如觀看廣告的ＮＣＣ委員就應該不會物化女模吧。故而廣告究竟提供多大物化的可能性，就像所謂某些用語或圖像似乎包含「性暗示」一樣，其實有很大的詮釋空間。
面對語言、圖像、幻想、暗示之間幽微迂迴的複雜操作，ＮＣＣ這個準公權力的機構卻用極端模糊的指控來開鍘，真是──瞎很大。
（作者為中央大學哲研所教授，台社成員）
-----
儘管有些地方看似言之有理，但似乎無法說服我。特別是關於如何認定何謂「物化」這點。NCC胡亂開鍘當然欠罵。不過忽略了「性感」背後的權力操作，就很令人費解了。還是說，以性慾為出發點，只要可以討好對方就都沒啥好討論？那我們又何必讀那些理論呢？又為何要討論恐怖的窺視欲對女性所帶來的懲罰呢？
中國時報
【卡維波】
「殺很大」廣告和所謂童顏巨乳的女模瑤瑤風潮，帶動了類似廣告與女模群起模仿，引起一些立委譴責，ＮＣＣ則揚言要開鍘，又不敢犯眾怒處罰瑤瑤廣告，只針對尚無粉絲支持的後起之「秀」，所持理由則是廣告有性暗示或者物化女性。
這些廣告的焦點聚焦於年輕女模的爆奶，然而童顏巨乳的圖像並非孤立事件，而是一整個日本動漫文化與宅男對美少女熱愛所形成「萌」次文化的重要成分，瑤瑤只是幸運的接收了這個次文化的積累而已。在立委與ＮＣＣ眼裡，年輕族群熱中的這些次文化都是應該被遏止的歪風，這正是「殺很大」事件底下的管制動力。但是如果用爆奶大作文章的廣告就是有問題，那麼豈不是間接汙名了台灣夏天越來越多的爆奶女性？這些女性也會覺得爆奶文化歧視女性嗎？還是說這是一場兩種女人族群的戰爭：「高級台灣女人」貶低充滿性感暗示女性的戰爭？
目前台灣經濟中存在著頗重要的「性感工業」，就是以外觀美貌與身體性感為販賣與消費焦點的產業。從事性感工作的大多數是女性，這也是女性就業的重要機會，不過性感工作者的貢獻經常被貶低，例如漂亮的女主播被說成「花瓶」，性感工作者則被認為是無需技能，這些都忽略了性感工作本身所需要的身體開發、裝扮技巧與態度養成其實並不是每個女人都能輕鬆勝任的。性感工作者遭到性騷擾和性歧視更是常見。ＮＣＣ對爆奶廣告的開鍘，也是對性感工作職業女性的歧視與貶低。
ＮＣＣ與立委指責廣告「物化女性」。物化不是法律名詞，卻在今日台灣變成一個「很偉大的概念」，可以用來指控任何表現女體或性相關影像。但是「物化（女性）」究竟是什麼？為什麼不好？有什麼不對？立委與ＮＣＣ清楚嗎？以我個人的研究來說，物化就是「將對方佔有為物」，這其實是性慾望所必要的，本身沒有任何不對，端視雙方的意願，例如強姦犯物化受害者是不對的，但是情人在性愛中將彼此物化就沒什麼不對。
更何況，女體廣告不可能直接物化女性，因為物化是閱聽人的主觀幻想行為，廣告（或者裸體藝術畫）只是提供物化幻想的可能，不一定能使得每個觀看廣告的人都產生物化女模的幻想行為，例如觀看廣告的ＮＣＣ委員就應該不會物化女模吧。故而廣告究竟提供多大物化的可能性，就像所謂某些用語或圖像似乎包含「性暗示」一樣，其實有很大的詮釋空間。
面對語言、圖像、幻想、暗示之間幽微迂迴的複雜操作，ＮＣＣ這個準公權力的機構卻用極端模糊的指控來開鍘，真是──瞎很大。
（作者為中央大學哲研所教授，台社成員）
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儘管有些地方看似言之有理，但似乎無法說服我。特別是關於如何認定何謂「物化」這點。NCC胡亂開鍘當然欠罵。不過忽略了「性感」背後的權力操作，就很令人費解了。還是說，以性慾為出發點，只要可以討好對方就都沒啥好討論？那我們又何必讀那些理論呢？又為何要討論恐怖的窺視欲對女性所帶來的懲罰呢？
2009-03-20
近親戀文學史初稿◎曾焯文
中國母子戀文學作品可大分為有意識（包括半意識）以及潛意識兩種。有意識者可再分為病態型、淫蕩型、功利型和正面抗爭型。潛意識者可再分為病態型與常情型。
……。
袁昌英的《孔雀東南飛》改編自漢代同名古詩。話說寡婦焦母養大兒子仲卿，仲卿取了淑女蘭芝後，兩口子十分恩愛，焦母妒火中燒，把蘭芝逐回娘家，蘭芝父兄要迫她改嫁，蘭芝只好與仲卿投水自盡，做對同命鴛鴦。關於焦母的戀子，袁昌英是有意識去寫（見其《孔雀東南飛》序言「一」），而焦母本人則半意識地思想實行。例如她曾說：「我這十幾年來就只覺得我的心由丈夫身上搬到兒子身上也還很安寧妥貼的。」其友姥姥則對她說：「丈夫死…兒女就變成我們精神上的情人。」發現仲卿死去後，庶母抱著一束乾草，讚其當成兒子美髮多似爹爹，並作餵奶狀，無疑希望兒子逆退到口腔期，永不離開自己。這故事應了孫隆基關於中國母親的分析：「婦女在傳統父權勢力底下只被當成生殖工具，除此一無所有…唯有佔有子女，當作補償，當作依靠…因此她不會希望子女（尤其是男孩）真正獨立、成長……母子戀造成的問題，在中國人之間很容易打著孝順的旗幟把它美化……除了把婆媳之間的迫害永恆化之外，還製造連鎖性的夫婦，母子關係錯位：丈夫的靈魂既然被媽媽佔有，妻子唯有在兒子身上撈回補償，促使兒子媳婦重演這個規律……以迄無窮」。
時至今日，香港的現代女性早已站起來，但部份仍受傳統中國母子不分離關係流毒影響。正如在香港小說《饕餮》中，妻子如愛性慾特強，丈夫子寒性無能，滿足不了她，如愛到處勾三搭四之餘，尚要少年兒子伴睡。兒子帶女友回家，如愛即施毒計拆散，兒子反抗，如愛便乘他發病期間百般呵護，將他變成永遠離不開媽的小乖乖，結果子寒氣得精神崩潰。在故事中，如愛對兒子的性戀昭然若揭，並非壓抑了性目的之母愛那麼簡單。例如如愛曾柔弱地問兒子：「你爸爸不要我了。你要不要我？…你和媽媽睡吧，媽媽怕。」說著便以指甲搔兒子長滿了成年漢子腳毛的大腿。子寒看著愈不像話，警告兒子「以後晚上睡覺和換衣服都要鎖門」，明防如愛誘姦兒子。
中國設會得父權主義和媽媽化，在余華的《世事如煙》見得更清楚。故事中的老算命先生藉著折眾子陽壽來延長己命的巫術，象徵中國家長式統治和殺子文化。祖母與孫子同床性交產子，則象徵中國母親「在執行職時，藉對方（兒子）不懂事、居於權力弱勢之便，在他身上作手腳，把他搞得終身沒有選擇，只能向自己」，進而象徵「中國式集體主義…控制個人的方式就是不讓他成長…也是把他納入母胎裡」。
本文出處：曾焯文，〈近親戀文學史初稿〉，載於何春蕤主編，《性／別政治與主體形構》（台北：麥田出版，2000），頁103-104。
2009-01-13
婊子們 那些前線的女孩／胡淑雯
佳蕙轉寄來的一篇文章，2007年自由副刊。
2007/7/5 自由時報副刊
去高雄介紹我的書，遇見一個婊子。
她擋在快車道上，仰面攤開四肢，赤裸著乳房以及毛髮遮不住的下體。搖著身體曬太陽，看起來既快樂又危險。我喊著她，怕她被車撞。
她根本不理我，兀自把裸體打開、打開、再打開，體驗最好的，也準備承受最壞的。假如她有一張風險清單，上面會列著「踢打」，「咒罵」，「疾病」或「孤單」，以及最最重大的，死亡。你很難想像她活得很長。
她是一條母狗。A bitch。懂得罵人bitch的，都知道這個字，可譯做母狗、賤人、或婊子。語言的字面意義，與象徵意義接合，我在一條母狗身上，尋獲母狗（賤人、婊子）的意象：姿態欠缺優雅，簡直醜陋難堪，在險境裡追問自由，同時，不吝惜付出代價。
男人一邊舔食她肉壁滲出的汁液，一邊嫌她太腥太嗆太難消化，就像我在火車站前遇見的那個，失神的女人，鼓著脹脹的肚子，隨時都能生出一個小孩或怪物似的，粉色的洋裝扯著爛污，像一隻受虐的母狗，爛茄子般破皮的包包裡，插著一束拜拜用的香：一份風吹雨打過後、怎麼也點不著的盼望。一次三百就好，不要錢也可以，她只想在那些「一節兩小時，贈送一小時」的旅館時間裡，洗一趟熱水澡，在被窩裡睡一覺。她的身上滿是瘀青血痕，經常遭到毆打與強暴。假如她消失了一兩天，會有個好心的老警察四處探巡，確保她還沒被扔棄於某個陰寒的深溝裡。
前線的女神、瘋子或詩人
這樣一個女人，這女人的神智，究竟跑到哪裡去遊歷冒險？離開了多久？又走了多遠？那是一種怎樣的久？怎樣的遠？久遠到將每個留在「我方」的人排除在外。就像我生命中、那些走在「前線」的女孩，早一步經歷了其他女孩無從經歷的事物，跨越了世俗的邊界，曝露了世俗的底線，然後折返（或繼續逗留於他方），成為瘋子，或詩人。
前線的女孩，我崇拜的女神。魔女般的女神。小學五年級，坐在課堂上扭著屁股、摩擦課椅，忘情地給出一種詭媚的清純。放學後躲在工友宿舍外、一道被陽光灼傷的磚牆邊，拿掉三角褲，供男孩觀賞大腿深處、那一張、含著祕密的嘴巴。她賺了七十塊，帶我去買汽水、冰棒、香水筆記本，一人一份，絕對公平，絕對大方。
她名叫小海，她所「是」的，比她所「知」的更多更遼闊，並且一再以她的無知（以及，唯「無知」才能捕捉的真實）擾亂周遭的秩序。她是個問題學生，小太妹。她比我更早隆起胸部，更早來月經，更早經驗來自成年人的、性的掠取。
有一天我去她家玩，她說她非常怕狗，「我爸的老闆梁伯伯，養了一隻很大的狼狗」，梁伯伯趁家人不在，解開褲子要小海摸他，小海不肯，躲進廁所，梁伯伯就說要放狗咬她，「我很害怕，就把門打開了，那時候我才5歲……」
原來，（我感到安全），原來我不是唯一的。
我告訴她，「隔壁班那個，趙老師，也會摸我……摸手，摸胸……」為了讓小海覺得自己並不孤單，我還虛構了趙老師一件罪狀，「他也要我摸他下面。」
待我上過廁所、重新走入小海的房間，看見一個全裸的身體。小海是我遇見的第一個裸體。比坦白更白淨的身體。這身體把自己獻給陽光，讓它勾了金邊，坐在床上看漫畫、吃煎餅。
「想不想脫光身體？」小海問我，「妳喜歡嗎？……喜歡裸體嗎？……」她解開我胸前第一顆鈕扣，說，「我喜歡。」
小海教我穿戴胸罩、使用衛生棉，教我如何分辨並且甩脫色狼。早我好幾步跟心儀的男孩約會，接吻，上床，同居，失戀，墮胎。
與自己並不喜歡的男孩上床，為了了解性跟愛必須靠得多近、可以分得多遠。
跟女孩接吻、做愛，為了檢視自己，為了不被體制蒙騙（而誤會自己只可以是異性戀）。
以她的傷口換故事給妳
好女孩上了天堂，卻吝於分享天堂的內幕，不告訴妳天堂有多危險。壞女孩下了地獄， 總不忘充滿義氣告訴妳，地獄有多深邃。是她先抽菸酗酒呼麻酗舞酗男人，然後教妳怎麼抽菸喝酒呼麻跳舞，以及，好好愛人。
是她先得了憂鬱症，拿刀殺了自己，奇蹟般自死裡折返，告訴我人生為什麼還值得活。
前線的女孩不懂得如何裝酷，她看起來甚至有點老土。她玩的是hardcore。以（肉體化的）生命指畫了世界的邊界，模糊或崩潰了界線，摔墜而下，再捧著傷口告訴妳什麼叫做淋漓盡致。倖存者回到自己，做個不像正常人的正常人，另一些則投入瘋狂，把故事留給妳。
我的小海後來結婚去當了媽。我記得她結婚前，某個週六午後，邀我去參觀她的辦公室，再一起搭車去看海。公車上安安靜靜，春風徐徐，諸神都在午睡一般。小海輕輕握住我的手，像女朋友那樣扣緊我的每一根指頭，直視我，直取我的本質，彷彿要從我的27歲一眼望穿，進入我的童年，從3歲開始一吋、一吋、一吋地，修補我的自尊。
我不記得我哭了沒有，我的記憶帶著我回到幾年前，某個23歲的夏日，一個比塑膠布更簡陋的急診室外。小海自殺了，割斷大動脈，送到醫院已經測不到心跳，量不到血壓。
當小海自死亡的那一頭折返，先是跟我講了一個祕密，「我的小姑姑……」她用下巴指指床頭邊、正在煮水泡茶的女人，「今年40歲，曾經去紐約學畫……為了繳學費、買顏料，當過四年的妓女。」接著小海問我，「妳覺得我瘋了嗎？」但是她顯然並不需要我的回答，只顧著繼續說，「我必須承認自己瘋了，好證明自己沒有那麼瘋。這個世界太小了，容不下我這樣的人。」
這個世界太小了，容不下小海這樣的人，小海只能忍耐、包容，包容這容不下她的世界。
是小海讓我想要變成一個更好的女生，像小海那樣的女生，保護並且愛惜，像小海那樣的人。
小海的拷貝品
我經常泡的某間酒吧，闖進兩個已經半醉的人，他們囂囂鬧鬧撞進門來，一路撂髒話，「媽的臭婊子，把啤酒送上來！」吧台的小雨客氣問道，「兩位想喝什麼啤酒呢？」其中一個男人再罵，「妳笨蛋啊？老子愛喝什麼妳不知道嗎！」小雨送上兩瓶台啤，那男人竟摔了杯子，「看不起我啊？我只喝得起台啤嗎？」小雨於是收下台啤，送上海尼根。男人一邊喝酒，一邊繼續咒罵小雨，酒吧裡一屋子男客，沒有人出言制止。一時間，我「小海」上身，拿著自己的酒杯，走到那謾罵者面前，說，「先生，你太吵了。」
「媽的，哪來的臭B央！」男人掃了我一眼，罵得更起勁了。
我揮掉他噴濺於我鼻尖的、自恨的口水，繼續說，「吧台小姐並沒有惹你，你沒有資格對她這樣。」這辭窮的男人並不與我論辯，只一再重複：「這是哪來的臭B央。」我說我什麼也不是，只是一個花錢買酒的人，覺得他太吵了，希望他安靜下來。
我乾掉自己手中的一杯，回座後發現他真的靜了下來，儘管嘴裡依舊喃喃罵著什麼。對面一個男子舉起酒杯，點頭敬了我一下，我喝了一口才剛放下酒杯，就被潑了一身的水。是那個罵個不停的男人。
我脹紅了臉，既生氣又害怕，把自己的酒杯倒滿，對準那個男人，潑了他一身。他氣得跳下座位，走向我，破口大罵臭B央，一邊做勢要打我。幾個男人總算看不下去了， 堵住他說，「不想惹麻煩，就回家去吧。」他身邊那識相的朋友也勸著哄著，拉拉扯扯將他押出酒吧的門。
一屋子酒客紛紛起立，敬我這「帶種的小女子」，小雨則赦免了我的酒帳，說要將我列入這酒吧的名人堂。我尷尬地接受這不該屬於我的榮耀，感覺到一種解釋的困難。我無法解釋我這些所謂英勇的行徑，其實只是源自想念。想念小海，想到渴望把自己變成她。
回憶堆積如山，我在其中撈出這樣一個場景︰小海從書包裡掏出一把水果刀，慢條斯理削著蘋果，講了一個故事：昨天，我去看電影……去白雪戲院，看A片。台灣本土自製的，女主角還去新店溪散步呢。下午一點的場子，總共只有六個人。有個男的哪裡不好坐，偏偏坐在我旁邊。我本想換座位的……但是第一，憑什麼被招惹的人要負責離席？第二，他若存心要搞我，我換到哪裡都沒有差別……
於是小海就這樣，與一個陌生男子肩並肩，看了半場A片。「我一邊盯著螢幕，一邊削柳丁吃……忽然間我發現，那個男的把手伸進我的大腿，想要扯掉我的內褲……我拿起刀子，往他的手背刺下去……」小海說，這男的一臉震驚、不可置信地，將自己的手掌舉在面前，看著血汩汩流出，啞口無言，落荒而逃。
這就是小海。hardcore的小海。前線的女孩。
我再怎麼剽悍也不過是，小海的拷貝而已。一個softcore的，拷貝品。
2007/7/5 自由時報副刊
去高雄介紹我的書，遇見一個婊子。
她擋在快車道上，仰面攤開四肢，赤裸著乳房以及毛髮遮不住的下體。搖著身體曬太陽，看起來既快樂又危險。我喊著她，怕她被車撞。
她根本不理我，兀自把裸體打開、打開、再打開，體驗最好的，也準備承受最壞的。假如她有一張風險清單，上面會列著「踢打」，「咒罵」，「疾病」或「孤單」，以及最最重大的，死亡。你很難想像她活得很長。
她是一條母狗。A bitch。懂得罵人bitch的，都知道這個字，可譯做母狗、賤人、或婊子。語言的字面意義，與象徵意義接合，我在一條母狗身上，尋獲母狗（賤人、婊子）的意象：姿態欠缺優雅，簡直醜陋難堪，在險境裡追問自由，同時，不吝惜付出代價。
男人一邊舔食她肉壁滲出的汁液，一邊嫌她太腥太嗆太難消化，就像我在火車站前遇見的那個，失神的女人，鼓著脹脹的肚子，隨時都能生出一個小孩或怪物似的，粉色的洋裝扯著爛污，像一隻受虐的母狗，爛茄子般破皮的包包裡，插著一束拜拜用的香：一份風吹雨打過後、怎麼也點不著的盼望。一次三百就好，不要錢也可以，她只想在那些「一節兩小時，贈送一小時」的旅館時間裡，洗一趟熱水澡，在被窩裡睡一覺。她的身上滿是瘀青血痕，經常遭到毆打與強暴。假如她消失了一兩天，會有個好心的老警察四處探巡，確保她還沒被扔棄於某個陰寒的深溝裡。
前線的女神、瘋子或詩人
這樣一個女人，這女人的神智，究竟跑到哪裡去遊歷冒險？離開了多久？又走了多遠？那是一種怎樣的久？怎樣的遠？久遠到將每個留在「我方」的人排除在外。就像我生命中、那些走在「前線」的女孩，早一步經歷了其他女孩無從經歷的事物，跨越了世俗的邊界，曝露了世俗的底線，然後折返（或繼續逗留於他方），成為瘋子，或詩人。
前線的女孩，我崇拜的女神。魔女般的女神。小學五年級，坐在課堂上扭著屁股、摩擦課椅，忘情地給出一種詭媚的清純。放學後躲在工友宿舍外、一道被陽光灼傷的磚牆邊，拿掉三角褲，供男孩觀賞大腿深處、那一張、含著祕密的嘴巴。她賺了七十塊，帶我去買汽水、冰棒、香水筆記本，一人一份，絕對公平，絕對大方。
她名叫小海，她所「是」的，比她所「知」的更多更遼闊，並且一再以她的無知（以及，唯「無知」才能捕捉的真實）擾亂周遭的秩序。她是個問題學生，小太妹。她比我更早隆起胸部，更早來月經，更早經驗來自成年人的、性的掠取。
有一天我去她家玩，她說她非常怕狗，「我爸的老闆梁伯伯，養了一隻很大的狼狗」，梁伯伯趁家人不在，解開褲子要小海摸他，小海不肯，躲進廁所，梁伯伯就說要放狗咬她，「我很害怕，就把門打開了，那時候我才5歲……」
原來，（我感到安全），原來我不是唯一的。
我告訴她，「隔壁班那個，趙老師，也會摸我……摸手，摸胸……」為了讓小海覺得自己並不孤單，我還虛構了趙老師一件罪狀，「他也要我摸他下面。」
待我上過廁所、重新走入小海的房間，看見一個全裸的身體。小海是我遇見的第一個裸體。比坦白更白淨的身體。這身體把自己獻給陽光，讓它勾了金邊，坐在床上看漫畫、吃煎餅。
「想不想脫光身體？」小海問我，「妳喜歡嗎？……喜歡裸體嗎？……」她解開我胸前第一顆鈕扣，說，「我喜歡。」
小海教我穿戴胸罩、使用衛生棉，教我如何分辨並且甩脫色狼。早我好幾步跟心儀的男孩約會，接吻，上床，同居，失戀，墮胎。
與自己並不喜歡的男孩上床，為了了解性跟愛必須靠得多近、可以分得多遠。
跟女孩接吻、做愛，為了檢視自己，為了不被體制蒙騙（而誤會自己只可以是異性戀）。
以她的傷口換故事給妳
好女孩上了天堂，卻吝於分享天堂的內幕，不告訴妳天堂有多危險。壞女孩下了地獄， 總不忘充滿義氣告訴妳，地獄有多深邃。是她先抽菸酗酒呼麻酗舞酗男人，然後教妳怎麼抽菸喝酒呼麻跳舞，以及，好好愛人。
是她先得了憂鬱症，拿刀殺了自己，奇蹟般自死裡折返，告訴我人生為什麼還值得活。
前線的女孩不懂得如何裝酷，她看起來甚至有點老土。她玩的是hardcore。以（肉體化的）生命指畫了世界的邊界，模糊或崩潰了界線，摔墜而下，再捧著傷口告訴妳什麼叫做淋漓盡致。倖存者回到自己，做個不像正常人的正常人，另一些則投入瘋狂，把故事留給妳。
我的小海後來結婚去當了媽。我記得她結婚前，某個週六午後，邀我去參觀她的辦公室，再一起搭車去看海。公車上安安靜靜，春風徐徐，諸神都在午睡一般。小海輕輕握住我的手，像女朋友那樣扣緊我的每一根指頭，直視我，直取我的本質，彷彿要從我的27歲一眼望穿，進入我的童年，從3歲開始一吋、一吋、一吋地，修補我的自尊。
我不記得我哭了沒有，我的記憶帶著我回到幾年前，某個23歲的夏日，一個比塑膠布更簡陋的急診室外。小海自殺了，割斷大動脈，送到醫院已經測不到心跳，量不到血壓。
當小海自死亡的那一頭折返，先是跟我講了一個祕密，「我的小姑姑……」她用下巴指指床頭邊、正在煮水泡茶的女人，「今年40歲，曾經去紐約學畫……為了繳學費、買顏料，當過四年的妓女。」接著小海問我，「妳覺得我瘋了嗎？」但是她顯然並不需要我的回答，只顧著繼續說，「我必須承認自己瘋了，好證明自己沒有那麼瘋。這個世界太小了，容不下我這樣的人。」
這個世界太小了，容不下小海這樣的人，小海只能忍耐、包容，包容這容不下她的世界。
是小海讓我想要變成一個更好的女生，像小海那樣的女生，保護並且愛惜，像小海那樣的人。
小海的拷貝品
我經常泡的某間酒吧，闖進兩個已經半醉的人，他們囂囂鬧鬧撞進門來，一路撂髒話，「媽的臭婊子，把啤酒送上來！」吧台的小雨客氣問道，「兩位想喝什麼啤酒呢？」其中一個男人再罵，「妳笨蛋啊？老子愛喝什麼妳不知道嗎！」小雨送上兩瓶台啤，那男人竟摔了杯子，「看不起我啊？我只喝得起台啤嗎？」小雨於是收下台啤，送上海尼根。男人一邊喝酒，一邊繼續咒罵小雨，酒吧裡一屋子男客，沒有人出言制止。一時間，我「小海」上身，拿著自己的酒杯，走到那謾罵者面前，說，「先生，你太吵了。」
「媽的，哪來的臭B央！」男人掃了我一眼，罵得更起勁了。
我揮掉他噴濺於我鼻尖的、自恨的口水，繼續說，「吧台小姐並沒有惹你，你沒有資格對她這樣。」這辭窮的男人並不與我論辯，只一再重複：「這是哪來的臭B央。」我說我什麼也不是，只是一個花錢買酒的人，覺得他太吵了，希望他安靜下來。
我乾掉自己手中的一杯，回座後發現他真的靜了下來，儘管嘴裡依舊喃喃罵著什麼。對面一個男子舉起酒杯，點頭敬了我一下，我喝了一口才剛放下酒杯，就被潑了一身的水。是那個罵個不停的男人。
我脹紅了臉，既生氣又害怕，把自己的酒杯倒滿，對準那個男人，潑了他一身。他氣得跳下座位，走向我，破口大罵臭B央，一邊做勢要打我。幾個男人總算看不下去了， 堵住他說，「不想惹麻煩，就回家去吧。」他身邊那識相的朋友也勸著哄著，拉拉扯扯將他押出酒吧的門。
一屋子酒客紛紛起立，敬我這「帶種的小女子」，小雨則赦免了我的酒帳，說要將我列入這酒吧的名人堂。我尷尬地接受這不該屬於我的榮耀，感覺到一種解釋的困難。我無法解釋我這些所謂英勇的行徑，其實只是源自想念。想念小海，想到渴望把自己變成她。
回憶堆積如山，我在其中撈出這樣一個場景︰小海從書包裡掏出一把水果刀，慢條斯理削著蘋果，講了一個故事：昨天，我去看電影……去白雪戲院，看A片。台灣本土自製的，女主角還去新店溪散步呢。下午一點的場子，總共只有六個人。有個男的哪裡不好坐，偏偏坐在我旁邊。我本想換座位的……但是第一，憑什麼被招惹的人要負責離席？第二，他若存心要搞我，我換到哪裡都沒有差別……
於是小海就這樣，與一個陌生男子肩並肩，看了半場A片。「我一邊盯著螢幕，一邊削柳丁吃……忽然間我發現，那個男的把手伸進我的大腿，想要扯掉我的內褲……我拿起刀子，往他的手背刺下去……」小海說，這男的一臉震驚、不可置信地，將自己的手掌舉在面前，看著血汩汩流出，啞口無言，落荒而逃。
這就是小海。hardcore的小海。前線的女孩。
我再怎麼剽悍也不過是，小海的拷貝而已。一個softcore的，拷貝品。
2008-12-21
瑪莉
盧梭在《愛彌兒》（Emile，1762）寫了一段令人做噁的東西：
後來，有些人開始挑戰類似盧梭這套滿足男性自我崇拜的說法，瑪莉．伍史東考夫特（Mary Wollstonecraft）就是其中之一。（每次講到瑪莉，就會想到之前政治學讀書會大家幫她的名字取了個好記的暱稱？XD）
瑪莉當時疾呼，男女行為標準應該一致，女性應該有獨立工作、受教育、享受公民及政治權力的權力…「如果她們女人能夠在更有秩序的學習方式下受教育、女人可以從事政治和各種不同的工作。不知道有多少女人虛擲了生命？她們極可能成為執業醫生，可以管理農場，經營店舖，會因為擁有自己的事業而獨立站出，而不再垂頭喪氣，沒有自信。」
後來瑪莉談戀愛了，沒想到也跟我們一樣傻呼呼的、跌跌撞撞的。
吼，親愛的丹丹，你有沒有看出我的用意阿～XD 我是想說，你看歷史上也有這種可憐的例子，而且她又是個聰明的人（我沒有暗示你笨喔XD），也曾經為了感情這麼傻、這麼不顧一切。沒有什麼值不值得，或者需要遺憾的啦。只不過，將心力放太多在男人身上，總是浪費時間而且多餘，生命中除了男人還有更多重要的事阿（比如說我阿，哈）。一個爛男人，不代表全世界的男人都不是好東西，真的啦，要有信心。
男人和女人是為對方而存在，然而他們的相互依賴性是不平等的。沒有女人男人依然存在，沒有了男人女人的存在便有問題。女人依靠男人的感覺而活，依靠男人對他們的獎賞而活，依靠男人對他們的吸引力、依靠男人對他們的美德所設定的價值而活。女人一生的教育都應該依照和男人的相對關係而計畫，女人是要取悅男人、要貢獻給男人、要贏得男人的愛和尊重，要哺育男人、要照顧男人、要安慰、勸慰男人，並且使男人的生活甜蜜且愉悅。出處：Susan Alice Watkins著，朱侃如譯，《女性主義》（台北：立緒文化，1998）。
後來，有些人開始挑戰類似盧梭這套滿足男性自我崇拜的說法，瑪莉．伍史東考夫特（Mary Wollstonecraft）就是其中之一。（每次講到瑪莉，就會想到之前政治學讀書會大家幫她的名字取了個好記的暱稱？XD）
出處：Susan Alice Watkins著，朱侃如譯，《女性主義》（台北：立緒文化，1998）。
瑪莉宣稱所謂女性氣質是一種結構性問題—女人生而平等，但卻被教育成附屬的、柔弱的、沒有思考能力的人。「她被教育成是男人的玩物，一隻在男人身邊發出聲響的玩具，不論男人要求取悅他的理由是什麼，她都必須隨時在一邊陪笑著。」
瑪莉當時疾呼，男女行為標準應該一致，女性應該有獨立工作、受教育、享受公民及政治權力的權力…「如果她們女人能夠在更有秩序的學習方式下受教育、女人可以從事政治和各種不同的工作。不知道有多少女人虛擲了生命？她們極可能成為執業醫生，可以管理農場，經營店舖，會因為擁有自己的事業而獨立站出，而不再垂頭喪氣，沒有自信。」
後來瑪莉談戀愛了，沒想到也跟我們一樣傻呼呼的、跌跌撞撞的。
瑪莉於1793年到法國實地考察法國大革命進行的情形。在巴黎，34歲的她深深愛上一個自陸軍上尉退役的美國人，吉伯特．英列（Gilbert Imlay，1754-1828）。瑪莉期盼與英列終身廝守，但身為冒險家，曾涉入不名譽商業交易的英列並不這麼想。出處：Susan Alice Watkins著，朱侃如譯，《女性主義》（台北：立緒文化，1998）。
在法國大革命的恐怖高峰期，身懷六甲的瑪莉獨自一個待在巴黎，當時正有無數犧牲者喪生斷頭台下。她連續寫了好幾封信給英列。「我的靈魂是脆弱的—我的心生病了。」在他們的孩子芬妮誕生時，英列回到瑪莉身邊，但是沒過多久，又以籌措資金為由，派遣瑪莉到北歐半年，在這段期間內，英列和一位女演員在巴黎築了香巢。
受盡愛情折磨的瑪莉在1795年跳下普尼橋（Putney Bridge）試圖自殺。她自殺不成卻因禍得福，自對英列的迷戀中解脫。可嘆的是，她只剩下兩年的生命了。
瑪莉再度過起自力更生的日子，並開始和無政府主義的哲學家威廉．葛溫（William Godwin）交往。葛溫在1790年叛國罪大審判中，曾極力為英國的共和主義人士辯護。瑪莉於1797年因為難產去世，嬰兒小瑪莉幸而存活下來。小瑪莉長大後和英國註明浪漫詩人雪萊（Percy Bysshe Shelley）結婚，並寫下歷史上最偉大的科幻小說之一《科學怪人》（Frankenstein，1818）。
吼，親愛的丹丹，你有沒有看出我的用意阿～XD 我是想說，你看歷史上也有這種可憐的例子，而且她又是個聰明的人（我沒有暗示你笨喔XD），也曾經為了感情這麼傻、這麼不顧一切。沒有什麼值不值得，或者需要遺憾的啦。只不過，將心力放太多在男人身上，總是浪費時間而且多餘，生命中除了男人還有更多重要的事阿（比如說我阿，哈）。一個爛男人，不代表全世界的男人都不是好東西，真的啦，要有信心。
2008-12-16
個別學者接受社會性別觀念的問題。
具有影響的男女學者和所謂主流中國研究，仍然沒有全然地接受社會性別觀念。對於他們來說，社會性別不是一個與階級或種族具有相同價值的分析範疇。他們認為社會性別不能用作一個方法論工具來進行研究，並且認識不到用這個範疇進行研究的潛力。為了促進他們將社會性別視角融入其研究，我們應該不斷提出重要的問題和論述，並示範如何從社會性別視角進行研究。也許我們應該轉變我們的視角：不是從婦女以及追尋我們如何描述她們在特殊歷史事件和時期中的歷史角色，而是從流行於本領域的主導歷史敘事開始，追問在每個社會機構、決策和政策中女性和男性的能動性和非能動性。
個人的接受問題，與知識生產的社會實踐，定位的、具有象徵性的和集體的（網路性的）權力機制，對出版的控制和資助制度密切相關，而且我認為資助制度仍然是由男性和主流觀念所統治。當然現在歷史領域的局面和十九世紀晚期、二十世紀初期大相逕庭—當時社會竭力將婦女排斥在工作之外，那時「男人被視為兄弟、學者和同事；女人被視為他者」。現在存在著用更為精密的手段來維繫「社會團體」的男性取向，和保持對女性的封閉，特別是對於那些被視為「女權主義者」的婦女。在宣稱這些採用社會性別研究方法的學者對於主流研究重要性的同時，我認為社會性別角度本身，仍然意味著具有解放的意圖、反對支配性霸權、反對對政治和社會問題的統治性態度。
出處：游鑑明、羅梅君、史明主編，張瑾等譯，《共和時代的中國婦女》〈民國時期的婦女、社會性別和主流研究—理論與研究中的問題〉（台北：左岸文化，2007），pp31-32。
2008-11-28
修養不足？
雖說管到別人腦子裡面在想些什麼實在太超過，而且又為了這種自己也搞不清楚狀況的事情生氣更是無聊。但我一直對於不少男生喜歡的A片跟H-game感到很不舒服。為什麼？因為在我終於知道那是什麼之後，我才知道這裡面存在著多少對女性的歧視與莫名其妙的幻想。
幻想沒啥不好，只不過當某些整天關在家裡的人，以為這個世界就跟他們在影片中、電玩中、漫畫或遊戲中所看見的是一樣的，或者是所謂的翻版時，我就感到很不以為然。
我對宅男的定義不懂，也不會隨便幫人套上宅男的稱號。但我心中有一種很瞧不起的人，就是整天在屋子裡漫無目的哭邀的人，然後以為出門後的世界會有他想像中的情景。當然，抱持著希望總是活下去的動力，我不置可否。
最近路上公車、電視上廣告等，一直出現一個我覺得很不可思議的電玩廣告。Lxxa的遊戲。本來，我已經告訴自己，這社會上有很多人，各式各樣都有，大家有不同的喜好與想法，別去評論人家，這樣很缺德。
然而，晚上讓我在電視上看見這個遊戲的廣告，真是燃起我心中熊熊怒火。在我看來，這遊戲就是對一種不可能出現在真實世界中的「幼齒」女生的意淫。人物特徵是：國小左右年紀的臉龐與身高(但是有超乎尋常的大胸部)；佔去臉部1/2範圍的大眼睛；不合比例的超長、超細的雙腿；然後動不動眨一下眼睛、扭一下屁股、然後還「不經意」露出內褲。
我很用力的想辦法讓自己很冷靜的去思考這種現象。可是因為自己知識淺薄，再怎麼用力回想過去心理學、文化研究所學的一切，都無法平息我的不以為然與憤怒。
男生愛看A片、玩H game這件事，以前的老師總是說這是他們生理需求所致。但我覺得這是這個社會變態的壓抑、排擠面對「性」這件事。於是，這些男生們將這種在日常生活無法接觸卻又相當好奇的事情，轉而求助於A片或遊戲，然後有些人就這麼不幸的接收了那些媒介所傳達的一切。不幸在哪？當他們以為那就是真實世界時，不僅是他們本身，任何存在於這社會上的女/男/雙性/變性/...人也跟著遭殃了。那種片面的，有時候甚至是誇大的、扭曲的影像傳播，對於接受單一資訊來理解社會的人來說，實在很恐怖。也許他們以為，這個世界上就只有男性跟女性、異性戀的存在，而女性就該像那些媒介中所表現出來的一樣：美麗、永不衰老、骨瘦如柴卻又有誇張豐滿的胸部等等。
哪個白痴男生會相信這種事情阿？我前男友就是其中之一。
拜託，學一下生理學好嗎？不然問問醫生或啥，一個人要瘦，根本就不可能有什麼局部瘦，一定都是全身一起瘦。另外，那些體重輕的女生，不見得比較瘦，因為脂肪本來就比肌肉還要輕。我現在看起來比以前瘦、體重也比以前輕，是因為我以前是運動員，身上已經很多肌肉(而非脂肪)，然而很久沒運動後，我的肌肉都萎縮了，當然體重就下滑了，而我身上剩下的也多是脂肪而非肌肉。路上那些瘦不拉機的女生，有一半以上都是不會運動的傢伙，所以當然會有那種鳥仔腳阿。而這種「柔弱」的特質，剛好迎合很多大男人主義者的口味。還有，媒體有太多東西都是「做」出來的，天殺的誰會相信那些藝人說沒整形、沒隆乳？拜託這些想要要求自己女朋友跟那些藝人一樣的男生，自己先照照鏡子看看自己的模樣吧，憑什麼一味要求女生的外貌，卻把自己搞得一塌糊塗卻還自以為率性？
吼，講到前男友，就忍不住激動起來。
好啦，也許這些人只是追求某種感官刺激？我也沒啥立場評斷人家。不過，當我又在網路上看見某大學學生在所謂新一帶設計展上想呈現的東西居然是基於下列理由，我就更不爽了。
這就是一直以來許多廣告、行銷手法的問題。他們真的在賣產品嗎？還是在賣肉體？那些展場裡面留著口水的男生們，看見的多半不是產品設計有多好吧？所有的這一切只不過是再次告訴社會大眾，在這個社會裡，女生的肉體是可以被販賣的，而且多數時候都不是出於自願。
性，這種東西，應該處於一種平等的、對等的情況中，在這當中任何幻想都可以被接受。然而，如果相反的想用自己的幻想來期待整個社會的女性都是如此的話，也未免太自以為是了吧。
關於那個Lxxa遊戲，也許我真的太過「沒童年」，所以不懂得欣賞所謂的「萌」？天阿，我最怕的就是莫名其妙的裝可愛，然後將對成人的性幻想生硬的套在幼童身上。忍不住找了wiki對於「萌」的定義，全文大家自個兒去看。
吼，氣到睡一半起床寫網誌，我真是修養不足。這樣我今天中午打球會不會沒力氣阿Orz
相關文章：
萌-維基百科
為什麼宅男會被討厭
【極樂大學】主任！大四畢業展我們要做H GAME！
幻想沒啥不好，只不過當某些整天關在家裡的人，以為這個世界就跟他們在影片中、電玩中、漫畫或遊戲中所看見的是一樣的，或者是所謂的翻版時，我就感到很不以為然。
我對宅男的定義不懂，也不會隨便幫人套上宅男的稱號。但我心中有一種很瞧不起的人，就是整天在屋子裡漫無目的哭邀的人，然後以為出門後的世界會有他想像中的情景。當然，抱持著希望總是活下去的動力，我不置可否。
最近路上公車、電視上廣告等，一直出現一個我覺得很不可思議的電玩廣告。Lxxa的遊戲。本來，我已經告訴自己，這社會上有很多人，各式各樣都有，大家有不同的喜好與想法，別去評論人家，這樣很缺德。
然而，晚上讓我在電視上看見這個遊戲的廣告，真是燃起我心中熊熊怒火。在我看來，這遊戲就是對一種不可能出現在真實世界中的「幼齒」女生的意淫。人物特徵是：國小左右年紀的臉龐與身高(但是有超乎尋常的大胸部)；佔去臉部1/2範圍的大眼睛；不合比例的超長、超細的雙腿；然後動不動眨一下眼睛、扭一下屁股、然後還「不經意」露出內褲。
我很用力的想辦法讓自己很冷靜的去思考這種現象。可是因為自己知識淺薄，再怎麼用力回想過去心理學、文化研究所學的一切，都無法平息我的不以為然與憤怒。
男生愛看A片、玩H game這件事，以前的老師總是說這是他們生理需求所致。但我覺得這是這個社會變態的壓抑、排擠面對「性」這件事。於是，這些男生們將這種在日常生活無法接觸卻又相當好奇的事情，轉而求助於A片或遊戲，然後有些人就這麼不幸的接收了那些媒介所傳達的一切。不幸在哪？當他們以為那就是真實世界時，不僅是他們本身，任何存在於這社會上的女/男/雙性/變性/...人也跟著遭殃了。那種片面的，有時候甚至是誇大的、扭曲的影像傳播，對於接受單一資訊來理解社會的人來說，實在很恐怖。也許他們以為，這個世界上就只有男性跟女性、異性戀的存在，而女性就該像那些媒介中所表現出來的一樣：美麗、永不衰老、骨瘦如柴卻又有誇張豐滿的胸部等等。
哪個白痴男生會相信這種事情阿？我前男友就是其中之一。
拜託，學一下生理學好嗎？不然問問醫生或啥，一個人要瘦，根本就不可能有什麼局部瘦，一定都是全身一起瘦。另外，那些體重輕的女生，不見得比較瘦，因為脂肪本來就比肌肉還要輕。我現在看起來比以前瘦、體重也比以前輕，是因為我以前是運動員，身上已經很多肌肉(而非脂肪)，然而很久沒運動後，我的肌肉都萎縮了，當然體重就下滑了，而我身上剩下的也多是脂肪而非肌肉。路上那些瘦不拉機的女生，有一半以上都是不會運動的傢伙，所以當然會有那種鳥仔腳阿。而這種「柔弱」的特質，剛好迎合很多大男人主義者的口味。還有，媒體有太多東西都是「做」出來的，天殺的誰會相信那些藝人說沒整形、沒隆乳？拜託這些想要要求自己女朋友跟那些藝人一樣的男生，自己先照照鏡子看看自己的模樣吧，憑什麼一味要求女生的外貌，卻把自己搞得一塌糊塗卻還自以為率性？
吼，講到前男友，就忍不住激動起來。
好啦，也許這些人只是追求某種感官刺激？我也沒啥立場評斷人家。不過，當我又在網路上看見某大學學生在所謂新一帶設計展上想呈現的東西居然是基於下列理由，我就更不爽了。
因此要吸引顧客上門還是要先理解顧客內心所需要的是什麼？除了完美漂亮、互動式的有趣設計，還有更重要的就是正妹加持！！少了正妹，你的設計在會場只是一個屁；少了正妹，沒有人來驚嘆你的設計；少了正妹，出了會場你會遭人設計。在我們這所男校裡，萬事具備只欠正妹，為了學校的未來，為了我們的人才不被埋沒，只好退一步化真實為虛擬，將三者合一，我們要做─────H GAME！！
這就是一直以來許多廣告、行銷手法的問題。他們真的在賣產品嗎？還是在賣肉體？那些展場裡面留著口水的男生們，看見的多半不是產品設計有多好吧？所有的這一切只不過是再次告訴社會大眾，在這個社會裡，女生的肉體是可以被販賣的，而且多數時候都不是出於自願。
性，這種東西，應該處於一種平等的、對等的情況中，在這當中任何幻想都可以被接受。然而，如果相反的想用自己的幻想來期待整個社會的女性都是如此的話，也未免太自以為是了吧。
關於那個Lxxa遊戲，也許我真的太過「沒童年」，所以不懂得欣賞所謂的「萌」？天阿，我最怕的就是莫名其妙的裝可愛，然後將對成人的性幻想生硬的套在幼童身上。忍不住找了wiki對於「萌」的定義，全文大家自個兒去看。
宮崎駿身為一位女性主義的支持者，是完全地反對這些「萌系」人物柔順、服從的特性的。比起扮演傳統的角色，他認為對於女性角色的描述不應只是可愛但也應當描述他們勇敢堅強且足智多謀的一面，但從這看出其實宮崎先生並不真正了解萌，因為事實上「倔強」「堅強」等都可以是萌屬性。宮崎駿在他執導的動畫電影中，已實踐了自己的論點。對於御宅族將具可愛特質的女性角色的物化的現象，宮崎駿評道： 「這是個難題。她們立即成為「蘿莉控的玩物」。就某方面而言，如果要以肯定、正面的態度描繪某個角色，除了儘可能使她們討人喜歡以外別無選擇。但是現在，有太多人以無恥的方式描繪她們（那些女主角），好像他們只想要什麼寵物一樣，而這種情況是越來越嚴重了。」[2]
吼，氣到睡一半起床寫網誌，我真是修養不足。這樣我今天中午打球會不會沒力氣阿Orz
相關文章：
萌-維基百科
為什麼宅男會被討厭
【極樂大學】主任！大四畢業展我們要做H GAME！
2008-11-27
中華全國婦女聯合會（全國婦聯）
歷次全國婦女代表大會
中國婦女第一次全國代表大會：１９４９年３月２４日—４月３日在北京舉行。出席代表５００多人。董必武代表中共中央致詞。蔡暢致開幕詞。鄧穎超作了關于《中國婦女運動的方針任務》的報告，李德全作《國民黨統治區民主婦女運動的現狀及其任務》的報告。大會正式宣布成立中國婦女群眾組織的最高領導機構－－中華全國民主婦女聯合會，選舉產生了全國婦聯執行委員會。雷潔瓊致閉幕詞。在全國婦聯一屆一次執委會上，何香凝被推選為全國婦聯名譽主席，選舉蔡暢為全國婦聯主席，鄧穎超、李德全、許廣平為全國婦聯副主席。
中國婦女第二次全國代表大會：１９５３年４月１５日—２３日在北京舉行。出席代表９００多人。饒漱石代表中共中央致詞。許廣平致開幕詞。鄧穎超作《四年來中國婦女運動的基本總結和今後任務》的報告。大會確定婦女運動的中心任務是：大力發動和組織廣大婦女群眾參加工農業生產和祖國各方面的建設。章蘊作了綜合發言。李德全致閉幕詞。大會修改通過了《中華全國民主婦女聯合會章程》，選舉產生了全國婦聯第二屆執行委員會委員和候補委員。在二屆一次執委會上，宋慶齡、何香凝被選舉為全國婦聯名譽主席。選舉蔡暢為全國婦聯主席，鄧穎超、李德全、許廣平、史良、章蘊為全國婦聯副主席。
中國婦女第三次全國代表大會：１９５７年９月９日—２０日在北京舉行。出席代表１，２６０多人。朱德代表中共中央致祝詞。蔡暢致開幕詞。章蘊作《勤儉建國、勤儉持家，為建設社會主義而奮鬥》的報告。大會通過了《中華人民共和國婦女聯合會章程》，選舉了全國婦聯第三屆執行委員會。鄧穎超致閉幕詞。在三屆一次執委會上，選舉宋慶齡、何香凝為全國婦聯名譽主席，蔡暢為全國婦聯主席，鄧穎超、李德全、許廣平、史良、章蘊、楊之華、劉清揚、康克清為副主席，羅瓊為全國婦聯書記處第一書記，田秀涓、李寶光、吳情、吳衡、胡耐秋、曹孟君、曹冠群、曾憲植、楊蘊玉、董邊為書記。
中國婦女第四次全國代表大會：１９７８年９月８日—１７日在北京舉行。出席代表近２０００人。鄧穎超致開幕詞。康克清作《新時期中國婦女運動的崇高任務》的報告。大會總結二十一年來婦女運動的經驗，討論和制定新時期的婦女運動的新任務，修改並通過《中華全國婦女聯合會章程》，選舉產生第四屆全國婦聯執行委員會。宋慶齡致閉幕詞。在四屆一次執委會上，選舉康克清為全國婦聯主席，史良、羅瓊、吳貽芳、曾憲植、雷潔瓊、林巧稚、李寶光、郝建秀、黃甘英、林麗蘊、關建、阿沛·才旦卓嘎、瑪依努爾為全國婦聯副主席。在全國婦聯常務委員會首次會議上設立全國婦聯書記處，決定羅瓊為書記處第一書記，李琴、李寶光、黃甘英、吳全衡、田秀涓、李淑錚、董邊為書記處書記。
中國婦女第五次全國代表大會：１９８３年９月２日—１１日在北京舉行。出席代表２，０１１人，其中特邀代表６４人。鄧穎超代表中共中央致詞。雷潔瓊致開幕詞。康克清作了題為《奮發自強開創婦女運動新局面》的工作報告。大會選舉產生了第五屆執行委員會，通過了《中華全國婦女聯合會章程》。大會表彰８５６８名全國“三八”紅旗手，１３９１個全國“三八”紅旗集體、９８８８戶全國“五好 ”家庭。五屆一次執委會上選舉康克清為全國婦聯主席，羅瓊等１３人為副主席，張幗英為全國婦聯書記處第一書記。
全國婦聯五屆執委會三次會議：１９８５年１１月１１日—１６日在北京舉行。中共中央書記處書記郝建秀到會講話。會議通過決議，號召全國婦女奮發圖強，改革創新，在實現“七五”計劃中充分發揮“半邊天”作用。會議同意羅瓊、郭力文、黃甘英不再擔任全國婦聯副主席職務的請求，保留常委、執委的職務。
中國婦女第六次全國代表大會：１９８８年９月１日—９月６日在北京舉行。會議代表共１１８３人，其中特邀代表１１４人。中共中央政治局委員、國家主席楊尚昆以《中國婦女是建設和改革的一支偉大力量》為題發表了祝詞。第五屆全國婦聯副主席、書記處第一書記張幗英代表全國婦聯五屆執委會向大會作題為《自尊、自信、自需、自強，為深化改革，振興中華建功立業》的工作報告。會議通過了全國婦聯第五屆執委會工作報告的決議、關于修改全國婦聯章程決議和全國婦聯會徽圖案的決議。會徽圖案為圓形，外圍由英文字母``W''組成的花朵形狀，會徽的色彩為紅色和金色。在１９８８年９月５日召開的全國婦聯六屆一次執委會全體會議上，陳幕華當選為全國婦聯主席，康克清為全國婦聯名譽主席，張幗英等１０人為副主席。９月６日，全國婦聯六屆一次常委會推舉張幗英為全國婦聯書記處第一書記，黃
啟璪等４人為書記處書記。
中國婦女第七次全國代表大會：１９９３年９月１日─６日在北京舉行。江澤民、李鵬、喬石、李瑞環、朱鎔基、劉華清、胡錦濤等領導同志出席了大會。中共中央政治局常委、書記處書記胡錦濤代表黨中央向大會致祝詞。第六屆全國婦聯執委會副主席、書記處第一書記黃啟（王+‘噪’的右半部）受全國婦聯第六屆執委會的委托向大會作了題為《全國婦女團結起來，為建設有中國特色社會主義努力奮鬥》的報告。大會通過了關于中國婦女第七次全國代表大會報告的決議、關于修改《中華全國婦女聯合會章程》的決議。大會選舉陳慕華為全國婦聯執委會主席，黃啟璪等１３人為全國婦聯執委會副主席。推舉黃啟璪為全國婦聯書記處第一書記，趙地等７人為書記處書記。
中國婦女第八次全國代表大會：１９９８年８月３１日至９月５日在北京召開。大會總結了中國婦女第七次全國代表大會以來我國婦女運動的經驗，部署了今後一個時期的工作，會議動員億萬婦女高舉鄧小平理論的偉大旗幟，全面貫徹落實黨的十五大精神，為把建設有中國特色社會主義事業全面推向21世紀而奮鬥。全國婦聯副主席顧秀蓮作了《高舉鄧小平理論偉大旗幟，團結動員各族各界婦女為實現我國跨世紀的宏偉目標努力奮鬥》的報告。大會認真審議並通過了工作報告；修改了《中華全國婦女聯合會章程》；大會選舉陳慕華為名譽主席，彭珮雲為主席，顧秀蓮、巴 桑（藏族）、沈淑濟、孔令仁、謝麗娟、錢易、韋鈺（壯族）、劉海榮、 彭鋼、劉雅芝、田淑蘭、華福周為副主席。
中國婦女第九次全國代表大會：２００３年８月２２日至２６日在北京召開。這次大會的主要任務是：高舉鄧小平理論偉大旗幟，以“三個代表”重要思想為指導，深入學習貫徹黨的十六大精神，總結中國婦女八大以來婦女工作的新發展和基本經驗，確定今後5年中國婦女事業發展的目標和任務，選舉產生全國婦聯新的領導機構。大會的主要議程是：聽取和審議中華全國婦女聯合會第八屆執行委員會報告；審議通過《中華全國婦女聯合會章程》（修正案）；選舉中華全國婦女聯合會第九屆執行委員會。新一屆全國婦聯執委會由２４５名委員組成。全國婦聯第九屆執委會第一次會議，推舉陳慕華、彭珮雲為全國婦聯名譽主席。會議以無記名投票方式選舉顧秀蓮為全國婦聯主席，黃晴宜、巴桑、沈淑濟、謝麗娟、劉雅芝、汪紀戎、張梅穎、陳秀榕、黃彥蓉、吳啟迪、莫文秀、趙少華、劉曉連為副主席。會議還選舉產生了３１名全國婦聯常務委員，推選黃晴宜為書記處第一書記，沈淑濟、陳秀榕、莫文秀、趙少華、洪天慧、甄硯、張世平為書記處書記。
中國婦女第十次全國代表大會：２００８年１０月２８日至３１日在北京舉行。中共中央政治局常委、中央紀委書記賀國強代表黨中央發表了題為《充分發揮婦女“半邊天”作用 為奪取全面建設小康社會新勝利貢獻智慧和力量》的祝詞。大會選舉產生全國婦聯新一屆領導機構，大會還通過了關于《中華全國婦女聯合會章程（修正案）》的決議。
www.XINHUANET.com 來源： 新華網
出處:http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2004-11/15/content_2220569_1.htm
2008-11-06
Bans in 3 states on gay marriage
By Jesse Mckinley and Laurie Goodstein
Thursday, November 6, 2008
SAN FRANCISCO: A giant rainbow-colored flag in the gay-friendly Castro neighborhood of San Francisco was flying at half-staff on Wednesday as social and religious conservatives celebrated the passage of measures that ban same-sex marriage in California, Florida and Arizona.
In California, where same-sex marriage had been performed since June, the ban passed with 52 percent of the vote, according to figures from the secretary of state and projections by several California news media outlets. Opponents of same-sex marriage won by even bigger margins in Arizona and Florida. Just two years ago, Arizona rejected a similar ban.
The across-the-board sweep, coupled with passage of a measure in Arkansas intended to bar gay men and lesbians from adopting children, was a stunning victory for religious conservatives, who had little else to celebrate on an Election Day that saw Senator John McCain lose and other ballot measures, like efforts to restrict abortion in South Dakota, California and Colorado, rejected.
"It was a great victory," said the Rev. James Garlow, senior pastor of Skyline Church in San Diego County and a leader of the campaign to pass the California measure, Proposition 8. "We saw the people just rise up."
The losses devastated supporters of same-sex marriage and ignited a debate about whether the movement to expand the rights of same-sex couples had hit a cultural brick wall, even at a time of another civil rights success, the election of a black president.
Thirty states have now passed bans on same-sex marriage.
Supporters of same-sex marriage in California, where the fight on Tuesday was fiercest, appeared to have been outflanked by the measure's highly organized backers and, exit polls indicated, hurt by the large turnout among black and Hispanic voters drawn to Senator Barack Obama's candidacy. Obama opposes same-sex marriage.
California will still allow same-sex civil unions, but that is not an option in Arizona and Florida. Exit polls in California found that 70 percent of black voters backed the ban. Slightly more than half of Latino voters, who made up almost 20 percent of voters, favored the ban, while 53 percent of whites opposed it.
Julius Turman, a chairman of the Alice Toklas LGBT Democratic Club, a gay political group here, said he called his mother in tears when Obama won the presidency, only to be crying over the same-sex marriage vote in a different way not much later.
"It is the definition of bittersweet," Turman said. "As an African-American, I rejoiced in the symbolism of yesterday. As a gay man, I thought, 'How can this be happening?' "
Proposition 8's passage left only Massachusetts and Connecticut as states where same-sex marriages are legal, though both Rhode Island and New York will continue to recognize such ceremonies performed elsewhere. Civil unions or domestic partnerships, which carry many of the same rights as marriage, are allowed in a handful of states. More than 40 states now have constitutional bans or laws against same-sex marriages.
On Wednesday, five months of same-sex marriages in California — declared legal by the State Supreme Court in May — appeared to have come to a halt.
"This city is no longer marrying people" of the same sex, Gavin Newsom, the mayor of San Francisco, announced at a grim news conference at City Hall, where hundreds of same-sex couples had rushed to marry in the days and hours leading up to Tuesday's vote.
The status of those marriages, among 17,000 same-sex unions performed in the state, was left in doubt by the vote. The state's attorney general, Jerry Brown, reiterated Wednesday that he believed that those marriages would remain valid, but legal skirmishes were expected.
The cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco, and Santa Clara County, as well as several civil rights and gay rights groups, said on Wednesday that they would sue to block the ban.
Some opponents of the proposition were also still holding out slim hopes that a batch of perhaps as many as four million provisional and vote-by-mail ballots would somehow turn the tide.
The victory of the social and religious conservatives came on a core issue that has defined their engagement in politics over the past decade.
The Rev. Joel Hunter, an evangelical pastor in Florida, said many religious conservatives felt more urgency about stopping same-sex marriage than about abortion, another hotly contested issue long locked in a stalemate.
"There is enough of the population that is alarmed at the general breakdown of the family, that has been so inundated with images of homosexual relationships in all of the media," said Hunter, who gave the benediction at the Democratic National Convention this year, yet supported the same-sex marriage ban in his state. "It's almost like it's obligatory these days to have a homosexual couple in every TV show or every movie."
Supporters of the bans in California, Arizona and Florida benefited from the donations and volunteers mobilized by a broad array of churches and religious groups from across the ethnic spectrum.
The Rev. Samuel Rodriguez, a pastor in Sacramento and president of the National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference, said the campaign to pass Proposition 8 had begun with white evangelical churches but had spread to more than 1,130 Hispanic churches whose pastors convinced their members that same-sex marriage threatened the traditional family.
"Without the Latino vote," Rodriguez said, "Proposition 8 would never have succeeded."
Frank Schubert, the campaign manager for Protect Marriage, the leading group behind Proposition 8, agreed that minority votes had put the measure over the top, saying that a strategy of working with conservative black pastors and community leaders had paid off.
"It's a big reason why we won, no doubt about it," he said.
Proposition 8 was one of the most expensive ballot measures ever waged, with combined spending of more than $75 million. Focus on the Family and other religious conservative groups contributed money to help pass the same-sex marriage measures in all three states.
Forces on both sides viewed California as a critical test of the nation's acceptance of gay people, who have made remarkable strides in the decades since the 1969 riots in New York at the Stonewall Inn, considered the beginning of the gay rights movement.
Scholars were divided on how large a setback Tuesday's votes would be for that movement. Andrew Koppelman, a professor of law at Northwestern University and the author of "Same Sex, Different States," a study of same-sex marriage, said the outcome had a silver lining, namely that it was closer than in previous statewide measures.
A 2000 ballot measure establishing a California state law against same-sex marriage passed with 61 percent of the vote. That law was overturned in May by the State Supreme Court.
In Arizona, where same-sex marriage was already against the law, the victory for Proposition 102, which amends the State Constitution, was met with a shrug by some.
"I think the country was like, 'Look, you get Obama, call it a day and go home,' " said Kyrsten Sinema, a Democratic state representative who led opponents against Proposition 102. "And frankly, I'll take it."
出處:http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/06/america/06marriage.php
Thursday, November 6, 2008
SAN FRANCISCO: A giant rainbow-colored flag in the gay-friendly Castro neighborhood of San Francisco was flying at half-staff on Wednesday as social and religious conservatives celebrated the passage of measures that ban same-sex marriage in California, Florida and Arizona.
In California, where same-sex marriage had been performed since June, the ban passed with 52 percent of the vote, according to figures from the secretary of state and projections by several California news media outlets. Opponents of same-sex marriage won by even bigger margins in Arizona and Florida. Just two years ago, Arizona rejected a similar ban.
The across-the-board sweep, coupled with passage of a measure in Arkansas intended to bar gay men and lesbians from adopting children, was a stunning victory for religious conservatives, who had little else to celebrate on an Election Day that saw Senator John McCain lose and other ballot measures, like efforts to restrict abortion in South Dakota, California and Colorado, rejected.
"It was a great victory," said the Rev. James Garlow, senior pastor of Skyline Church in San Diego County and a leader of the campaign to pass the California measure, Proposition 8. "We saw the people just rise up."
The losses devastated supporters of same-sex marriage and ignited a debate about whether the movement to expand the rights of same-sex couples had hit a cultural brick wall, even at a time of another civil rights success, the election of a black president.
Thirty states have now passed bans on same-sex marriage.
Supporters of same-sex marriage in California, where the fight on Tuesday was fiercest, appeared to have been outflanked by the measure's highly organized backers and, exit polls indicated, hurt by the large turnout among black and Hispanic voters drawn to Senator Barack Obama's candidacy. Obama opposes same-sex marriage.
California will still allow same-sex civil unions, but that is not an option in Arizona and Florida. Exit polls in California found that 70 percent of black voters backed the ban. Slightly more than half of Latino voters, who made up almost 20 percent of voters, favored the ban, while 53 percent of whites opposed it.
Julius Turman, a chairman of the Alice Toklas LGBT Democratic Club, a gay political group here, said he called his mother in tears when Obama won the presidency, only to be crying over the same-sex marriage vote in a different way not much later.
"It is the definition of bittersweet," Turman said. "As an African-American, I rejoiced in the symbolism of yesterday. As a gay man, I thought, 'How can this be happening?' "
Proposition 8's passage left only Massachusetts and Connecticut as states where same-sex marriages are legal, though both Rhode Island and New York will continue to recognize such ceremonies performed elsewhere. Civil unions or domestic partnerships, which carry many of the same rights as marriage, are allowed in a handful of states. More than 40 states now have constitutional bans or laws against same-sex marriages.
On Wednesday, five months of same-sex marriages in California — declared legal by the State Supreme Court in May — appeared to have come to a halt.
"This city is no longer marrying people" of the same sex, Gavin Newsom, the mayor of San Francisco, announced at a grim news conference at City Hall, where hundreds of same-sex couples had rushed to marry in the days and hours leading up to Tuesday's vote.
The status of those marriages, among 17,000 same-sex unions performed in the state, was left in doubt by the vote. The state's attorney general, Jerry Brown, reiterated Wednesday that he believed that those marriages would remain valid, but legal skirmishes were expected.
The cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco, and Santa Clara County, as well as several civil rights and gay rights groups, said on Wednesday that they would sue to block the ban.
Some opponents of the proposition were also still holding out slim hopes that a batch of perhaps as many as four million provisional and vote-by-mail ballots would somehow turn the tide.
The victory of the social and religious conservatives came on a core issue that has defined their engagement in politics over the past decade.
The Rev. Joel Hunter, an evangelical pastor in Florida, said many religious conservatives felt more urgency about stopping same-sex marriage than about abortion, another hotly contested issue long locked in a stalemate.
"There is enough of the population that is alarmed at the general breakdown of the family, that has been so inundated with images of homosexual relationships in all of the media," said Hunter, who gave the benediction at the Democratic National Convention this year, yet supported the same-sex marriage ban in his state. "It's almost like it's obligatory these days to have a homosexual couple in every TV show or every movie."
Supporters of the bans in California, Arizona and Florida benefited from the donations and volunteers mobilized by a broad array of churches and religious groups from across the ethnic spectrum.
The Rev. Samuel Rodriguez, a pastor in Sacramento and president of the National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference, said the campaign to pass Proposition 8 had begun with white evangelical churches but had spread to more than 1,130 Hispanic churches whose pastors convinced their members that same-sex marriage threatened the traditional family.
"Without the Latino vote," Rodriguez said, "Proposition 8 would never have succeeded."
Frank Schubert, the campaign manager for Protect Marriage, the leading group behind Proposition 8, agreed that minority votes had put the measure over the top, saying that a strategy of working with conservative black pastors and community leaders had paid off.
"It's a big reason why we won, no doubt about it," he said.
Proposition 8 was one of the most expensive ballot measures ever waged, with combined spending of more than $75 million. Focus on the Family and other religious conservative groups contributed money to help pass the same-sex marriage measures in all three states.
Forces on both sides viewed California as a critical test of the nation's acceptance of gay people, who have made remarkable strides in the decades since the 1969 riots in New York at the Stonewall Inn, considered the beginning of the gay rights movement.
Scholars were divided on how large a setback Tuesday's votes would be for that movement. Andrew Koppelman, a professor of law at Northwestern University and the author of "Same Sex, Different States," a study of same-sex marriage, said the outcome had a silver lining, namely that it was closer than in previous statewide measures.
A 2000 ballot measure establishing a California state law against same-sex marriage passed with 61 percent of the vote. That law was overturned in May by the State Supreme Court.
In Arizona, where same-sex marriage was already against the law, the victory for Proposition 102, which amends the State Constitution, was met with a shrug by some.
"I think the country was like, 'Look, you get Obama, call it a day and go home,' " said Kyrsten Sinema, a Democratic state representative who led opponents against Proposition 102. "And frankly, I'll take it."
出處:http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/06/america/06marriage.php
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